Patriarchal Hegemony and Women’s Triple Roles in Indonesia: An Integrative Review of Unpaid Work, Power Relations, and Agency

Abstract

This article revises and sharpens an earlier discussion of patriarchal hegemony and women’s triple roles in Indonesia by removing unsupported causal generalizations and replacing questionable references with traceable sources. The study uses an integrative literature review and thematic synthesis of 35 verified sources: 28 peer-reviewed journal articles (24 published in reputable international journals), three academic books, and four institutional reports. Empirical studies from 2019–2026 are prioritized, while foundational works are retained for conceptual purposes. The analysis combines Moser’s triple-role framework, structural accounts of patriarchy and gendered organizations, and Kabeer’s resources agency achievements approach. Four patterns emerge. First, women’s participation in productive work does not automatically reduce reproductive and community responsibilities, producing time poverty and mental load. Second, inequality is sustained not only by cultural norms but also by childcare shortages, workplace design, urban mobility, and unequal household authority. Third, expanded access to education and employment does not necessarily translate into equivalent control over time, income, assets, and strategic decisions. Fourth, women exercise agency through household negotiation, economic resources, leadership, and digital counterpublics, yet such agency remains stratified by class, life-course position, and institutional support. The article proposes a redistribution control gap to explain why expanded access may outpace the redistribution of care and the equalization of decision-making power. Policy implications emphasize recognizing, reducing, redistributing, rewarding, and representing care work through childcare services, work family policy, time-use data, and survivor-centered protection.